Presence of Financial Institution and Capital Availability:

• England had earned a large amount of capital from growing trade which enabled them to make large outlays in machinery and building which contributed to new technological advancements.
• England also possessed financial institutions such as central banks, stock markets, and joint stock companies that encouraged people to take risks with investments, trade, and new technologies.
• Another source of income for England was her huge Colonial possession.

Advancement in Agriculture:

• The Industrial Revolution was preceded by the Agricultural Revolution which led to massive increase in Agriculture Productivity, which supported the growing Population.
• Four key changes took place in the Agriculture Revolution: Enclosure of Lands, Mechanization of farming, four-field crop rotation and selective breeding of domestic animals.
• These movements led to migration of people from rural areas to urban industrial centers where they could work in factories.

Availability of Iron and Coal Mines:

• Britain had huge deposits of both iron and coal, both of which were instrumental to industrialization in general.
• With the introduction of Steam Engine, coal became even more significant in the industrial process because it fuelled locomotives and steamships, both of which were important assets in efficiently transporting goods.
• Coal and Iron deposits were plentiful and proved essential to the development of all new machines made of iron or steel and powered by coal. Also, Britain had the cheapest energy in the world.

Scientific Development and Innovations of New Technology:

• The Industrial Revolution was stimulated by a number of inventions and developments by British Scientists.
• British thought was Secular, rational and focused on Science and developments. This freedom of thought allowed British Scientists to develop new technologies.
• The invention of the use of steam was one of the most revolutionary discoveries which greatly facilitated the adoption of the machine methods of production. It was independent of the weather and was also not limited by conditions of place.

Involvement of Private Sector:

• The presence of the sizable private sector in a country with great capacity of individual businessmen to take risk also greatly contributed to the Industrial Revolution.
• These businessmen were willing to take chances on new things and this attitude was supported by the Government.

Flexible Policy of British Government:

• Various local taxes were levied in other European Countries but England did not put such barriers.
• Because of the policy of protectionism adopted by British Government, trade and industries flourished there.
• Government policies in England toward property and commerce encouraged innovation and the spread of global trade.
• The government created patent laws that allowed inventors to benefit financially from the “intellectual property” of their inventions.

Demographic Revolution in England

• In the eighteenth century, the expansion of trade with the American colonies and India doubled London’s population again and led to even more rapid growth in provincial and Scottish cities.
• Growing population resulted in more people from the countryside being freed up to work for wages in the new cities and eventually increased demand for products such as clothing, food etc.
• So demand for commodities motivated British manufacturers to increase production.

Availability of Labour Force:

• An epidemic ‘Black Death’ broke out in England in which lakhs of people died which led to shortage of farmers and laborers.
• Thousands of farmers left their villages and came to cities to seek jobs.
• Due to technological advancements in agriculture, many farmers were displaced who started looking for jobs. It increased the numbers of workers in cities.
• They also started opening their independent industries.

Better Means of Transport System:

• England possessed a far better means of transportation than any other country in Europe which greatly helped the Industrial Revolution.
• In the 18th Century England had better and more developed maritime activities than many other European nations.
• Britain developed a vast inland transport network of rivers, canals and coastal sea lanes. Furthermore internal distances in England were shorter compared to vaster wilderness in the rest of Europe.
• Rivers and Canal in Great Britain quickened the pace and cheapened the cost of transportation of raw materials and finished products. Adam Smith, the first modern economist, believed this was a key reason for England’s early success.

Favorable Geographical Locations:

• Britain was an island separated from the rest of mainland Europe provided favorable protection from predation on a national scale.
• Since it was away from European continent, it did not indulge in useless war on the European continent which gave it relative political and economic stability.
• These stable conditions enabled England to develop its industrial capacity without fear of battle, damage or loss of life.
• Britain’s climate and Geography also benefited their sheep industry and agricultural industry which increased food productions allowed people to work in the industry.

Social and Political Stability:

• Other European nations, such as France, Russia and Germany lacked governmental stability due to wars and were more focused on reestablishing their states than industrializing.
• The British government also encouraged global trade by expanding the Navy to protect trade and granting monopolies or other financial incentives to companies so they would explore the world to find resources.
• The Social Stability prevailing in England encouraged the people to invest in sectors where they could hope to receive a high dividend in future. This led to the adoption of new techniques and promotion of new industries.
• English Church was comparatively liberal as compared to Roman Catholic and did not prohibit lending money on interest. This led to development of a healthy financial system.
• Almost all other European countries had agrarian economies and lived under backward political systems. Many of them, such as Italy and Germany, were not even united and suffered from many economic restrictions.

Possession Of Large Colonial Territories

• England had established her extensive Colonial Empire which other Countries like France lacked behind. Colonies provided raw materials and new markets to England.
• England enjoyed monopoly over sea trading and best ports situated on key Commercial Routes.