Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. […]

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings. Romanticism: […]

Before 1818, each district in Prussia had its own customs and there were as many as 67 tariff areas in Prussia alone. These areas stood […]

In 1815, representatives of the European powers such as Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up […]

BASIC BACKGROUND Since the 9th century, German states were bound together in a loose political Unity known as Holy Roman Empire. Germany was divided into […]

Growth of Some Social Problems: The rapid growth of industrial cities created problems that were difficult to solve quickly like accommodation, sanitation and health were […]

Urbanisation: The factory system introduced by the Industrial Revolution created cities and urban centers like Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, and Sheffield arose. The population of Manchester […]

IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ECONOMIC EFFECTS In highly industrialized countries, the share of industrial production in the total national income is far larger than that […]

British government did away with the monopoly of the company in trade with India and hence, finally succeeded in 1813 in abolishing its monopoly over […]

The Industrial Revolution in Germany began in 1845 and Berlin, Hamburg, Prague, Vienna were connected by railway lines. The government played a powerful role in […]