, , UPSC STUDY MATERIAL, 0
  • The Industrial Revolution in Germany began in 1845 and Berlin, Hamburg, Prague, Vienna were connected by railway lines.
  • The government played a powerful role in the industrialization of the German Empire Government supported not only heavy industry but also crafts and trades because it wanted to maintain prosperity in all parts of the empire.
  • By 1870 production of iron and steel reached a high point. Several textile mills were set up between 1850 and 1880.
  • Transport system was improved. The network quickly enveloped the entire country and provided links with each area and the international community.
  • In 1879 industrial protection was introduced by applying the foreign tariffs on imports. The State charged a protection tax, and so it had more money to put back into the economy.
  • Mechanization of industries continued and by 1900 Germany was ready for the takeoff and soon Prussia attained economic leadership.
  • Capital investment increased rapidly after 1870 and the population of Germany reached 6.5 million by 1910.
  • Before World War I, Germany became an industrial rival of Britain. It left all countries behind in the use of chemicals in agriculture and science in steel industries.
  • Germany monopolized the global chemicals market at 90 percent of the entire share of international volumes of trade in chemical products by 1914.
  • In the production of iron and steel, it ranked second after America.
  • The Electric Goods Industry also made rapid progress and enjoyed 50% share in the international market.
  • The main causes of this amazing industrial progress were availability of Social Capital and its use for building roads, ports, canals and railway lines.
  • Emergence of cartels which maintained the growth rate of the capital and kept the rate of profit high.
  • Most important Bismarck’s new tariff on imported grain led to the introduction of the sugar beet as a primary crop.
  • Farmers quickly abandoned traditional, inefficient practices for modern new methods, including use of new fertilizers and new tools.
  • The knowledge and tools gained from the intensive farming of sugar and other root crops made Germany the most efficient agricultural producer in Europe by 1914.
  • Germany implemented a technical education curriculum which emphasized the technical areas of industry, such as electrics, chemistry, and physics.
  • This program produced more scientists, and better ones, and so more and better advances were made in these directions.
  • With high knowledge and experience, German Engineers invented the Dynamo which led to the construction and installation of power stations capable of serving several cities.
  • The invention of Dynamo brought an end to the Industrial Revolution and the Technological Revolution was born.
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