, , UPSC STUDY MATERIAL, 0
  • In 1815, representatives of the European powers such as Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
  • The Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.
  • The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
  • The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power, and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.
  • A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
  • The Kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the north. Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.
  • Prussia was given important new territories on its western frontiers. Austria was given control of northern Italy.
  • The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
  • In the east, Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.
  • The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.
  • They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
  • Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom.
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